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What Materials Are Needed For A High-quality Steel Structure Building?

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Steel structures building utilize steel as the primary load-bearing structure (such as beams, columns, and trusses), supplemented by non-load-bearing components such as concrete and wall materials. Steel's core advantages, such as high strength, lightweight, and recyclability, have made it a key technology in modern architecture, particularly for large-span, high-rise, and industrial buildings. Steel structures are widely used in stadiums, exhibition halls, skyscrapers, factories, bridges, and other applications.

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Main Structural Forms

The structural form of a steel structure building needs to be selected according to the building function (such as span, height, and load). Common types are as follows:

Structural Form Core Principle Applicable Scenarios Typical Case
Frame Structure Composed of beams and columns connected via rigid or hinged joints to form planar frames, which bear vertical loads and horizontal loads (wind, earthquake). Multi-storey/high-rise office buildings, hotels, apartments (usually with a height ≤ 100m). China World Trade Center Tower 3B (partial frame)
Truss Structure Consists of straight members (e.g., angle steel, round steel) formed into triangular units. It utilizes the stability of triangles to transfer loads, ensuring uniform force distribution. Large-span buildings (span: 20-100m): gymnasiums, exhibition halls, factory workshops. Roof of the National Stadium (Bird's Nest)
Space Truss/Lattice Shell Structure Formed by multiple members arranged in a regular pattern (e.g., equilateral triangles, squares) into a spatial grid. Forces are distributed spatially, enabling large coverage areas. Extra-large-span buildings (span: 50-200m): airport terminals, convention centers. Roof of Guangzhou Baiyun Airport Terminal 2
Portal Rigid Frame Structure Composed of rigid frame columns and beams to form a "gate"-shaped frame. The column bases are usually hinged, suitable for bearing light loads. Single-storey industrial plants, warehouses, logistics centers (span: 10-30m). A production workshop of an automobile factory
Cable-Membrane Structure Uses high-strength steel cables (e.g., galvanized steel cables) as the load-bearing framework, covered with flexible membrane materials (e.g., PTFE membrane), featuring both light transmittance and large-span capabilities. Landscape buildings, air-supported membrane gymnasiums, toll station canopies. Swimming Hall of Shanghai Oriental Sports Center
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Main Materials

The steel used in steel structure buildings must be selected based on the structural load requirements, installation scenario, and cost-effectiveness. It is primarily categorized into three categories: plates, profiles, and pipes. Specific subcategories and characteristics are as follows:

I. Plates:
1. Thick steel plates
2. Medium-thin steel plates
3. Patterned steel plates

II. Profiles:
(I) Hot-rolled profiles: Suitable for primary load-bearing components, offering high strength and stiffness
1. I-beams (including H-beams)
2. Channel steel (C-beams)
3. Angle steel (L-beams)
4. Flat steel
(II) Cold-formed thin-walled profiles: Suitable for lightweight and enclosure components, offering low deadweight
1. Cold-formed C-beams
2. Cold-formed Z-beams
3. Cold-formed square and rectangular pipes

III. Pipes:
1. Seamless steel pipes
2. Welded steel pipes
3. Spiral welded pipes
4. Special-shaped steel pipes

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Steel Structure Advantageous

High Strength, Light Weight: Steel's tensile and compressive strengths are significantly higher than concrete (approximately 5-10 times that of concrete). Given the same load-bearing requirements, steel structural components can be smaller in cross-section and lighter in weight (approximately 1/3-1/5 that of concrete structures).

Fast Construction and High Industrialization: Steel structural components (such as H-beams and box columns) can be standardized and manufactured in factories with millimeter-level precision. They require only bolting or welding for on-site assembly, eliminating the need for a curing period like concrete.

Excellent Seismic Performance: Steel exhibits excellent ductility (i.e., it can deform significantly under load without breaking suddenly). During earthquakes, steel structures absorb energy through their own deformation, reducing the risk of overall building collapse.

High Space Utilization: The small cross-sections of steel structural components (such as steel tubular columns and narrow-flange H-beams) reduce the space occupied by walls or columns.

Environmentally Friendly and Highly Recyclable: Steel has one of the highest recycling rates among building materials (over 90%). Dismantled steel structures can be reprocessed and reused, reducing construction waste.

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Post time: Oct-01-2025
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